Nevertheless, there are challenges specific to practical solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries, beyond the typical challenges inherent to solid-state batteries in general.
For applications requiring safe, energy-dense, lightweight batteries, solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries are an ideal choice that could surpass conventional lithium-ion batteries.
In particular, the highly conducting and easily processable lithium-thiophosphates have successfully enabled the lab-scale solid-state lithium–sulfur cells to achieve close-to-theoretical capacities. The long-standing inherent problem of conventional lithium–sulfur batteries, arising from the reaction intermediates dissolved in liquid electrolytes, can be eliminated with inorganic solid ion conductors. Employment of nonflammable solid electrolytes that improves battery safety and boosts the energy density, as lithium metal anodes are also viable. Among the conversion-type cathode materials, sulfur constitutes a cost-effective and earth-abundant element with a high theoretical capacity that has a potential to be game-changing, especially within an emerging solid-state battery configuration. To go beyond, a promising strategy is the replacement of conventional intercalation-type materials with conversion-type materials possessing substantially higher capacities. The energy density of the ubiquitous lithium-ion batteries is rapidly approaching its theoretical limit.
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